The Ledger
Every statement that passed quotation and attribution checks. Mix any filter with any other: certainty 1/5, debate potential 5/5, or both at once.
why aren't all 29 resolved? a statement only gets an assessment when the public record can support or contradict it. opinions and what-ifs never can, and 0 checkable ones are still open, waiting for their date. predictions held up or didn't; assertions are supported or contradicted. on every card: ▮▮▮▮▮ certainty · ▮▮▮▮▮ debate potential. speakers are clickable
Tversky: Spatial navigation is the foundation for all human conceptual thought
“So that shows quite beautifully, elegantly, that the foundation for spatial thought is also the foundation for conceptual thought, for conceptual relations, Because what the grid cells are doing is mapping relationships among single items. So that, that is one…”
Tversky: Hippocampal grid cells map conceptual and social spaces, not just locations
“And later work, work that came quite a bit later, beautiful work, showed that place, the single cells in hippocampus, also in cold people, Events in time, conceptual relations, and that grid cells map them in temporal space, conceptual space, social spaces.”
Tversky: Visual, verbal, and mathematical abilities operate mostly independently
“You can be good or bad at any of them more or less independently, so that's discouraging in, in some way. You think if you're a visual person, if you're not very good at visual, maybe you're better at verbal, and maybe you are, because we do tend to compensate…”
Tversky: Gaze direction controls meeting dynamics, and women are systematically overlooked
“If you're around a table, who you look at next gets the floor, and women aren't looked at.”
Tversky: Human spatial memory operates as a fragmented collage, not a map
“And it's not going to be combined in a two-dimensional or even three-dimensional map, nor do we have them stored in our heads. We have partial information stored in our heads, and making it coherent is by no means easy. And so I called it, I said the analogy i…”
Tversky: Visual-spatial processing precedes language and occupies more of the cortex
“The visual spatial world precedes language evolutionarily. It takes up far more of the cortex than language, and it has to have its own logic, not logic based, not a logic or a structural Based on language.”
Tversky: The basic biological action of approach versus avoidance is inherently emotional
“The most basic action is whether to approach something or avoid it. To go forward, we like something, we're attracted to it, we must interact with it, or we avoid it in one way or another. And that simple basic action that even one-celled creatures must take S…”
Tversky: Sitting on your hands during study significantly impairs test performance
“And when they did it, they remembered better. And when we took a new group of people, we've run this now four or five times, a new group of people had them sit on their hands, and that group did worse on the memory test, and some of them even said, I can't thi…”
Tversky: Spatial Gestures Represent Meaning More Directly Than Language
“But the models were spatial motor. So they're a separate channel from language, and they're a redundant channel. They're another way of representing the same information, and the gestures are representing, and they're representing in a more direct way than lan…”
Tversky: Well-crafted diagrams explain information more succinctly than language
“Well-crafted diagrams are superior to language for explaining Many, many, many kinds of information more directly, more succinctly.”
Tversky: Creating visual explanations yields much higher knowledge retention than verbal ones
“The group that had made visual explanations did far better than Then the group that had done verbal explanations”
Tversky: Stripping spontaneous communication down to words alone removes substantial meaning
“So what graphic books do is what ordinary conversation has. And that ordinary conversation is multimodal. We are using words, we're using gestures, we're using intonation, pauses, all, many, many devices beyond words in a row to convey meaning. We interrupt ou…”
Tversky: Working over a shared diagram produces better collaboration and outcomes
“We've done a small amount of work, and others have too, on collaborative design, and found that when people can work over the same diagram, the communication is much more successful. People are looking at each other's hands on the diagram, not at each other's …”
Tversky: Applying abstractions to instances is harder than forming abstractions
“It's hard to go from abstractions to instances. It's even hard to go from instances to abstractions, but probably from abstractions to instances is even harder.”
Tversky: Cognitive biases stem from useful heuristics that carry unavoidable costs
“There's a reason, For every one of these biases, that is, there's an underlying reason that's deeper, more abstract, or broader, that where these things have been useful in one way or another, but their use is highly limited, and can lead you into trouble, as …”
Tversky: The perceived world is constructed internally through mental fill-in
“So the world that we see is in the head, not out there. We have the sensation that it's out there, but it's in the head, and we're filling in.”
Tversky: Da Vinci Invented Visual Sketching Techniques Centuries Ahead of Others
“He invented uses of sketches that weren't reinvented until many years later because his sketches were unavailable.”
Tversky: Observers automatically adopt an actor's perspective over their own
“We found that even in situations that are non-communicative, Or where you and I have the same perspective, and we're looking at somebody else acting, we take the perspective of the actor instead of our own perspective, and I think it's a way of understanding t…”
Tversky: Adopting different social roles generates far more creative ideas than brainstorming
“And the most effective strategy was roles by far. In fact, the mind wandering didn't differ from the no instruction group. And when we ask people, how did you do it? The no instruction group said, well, I just let my mind go. But the roles group came up with f…”
Tversky: Superforecasters succeed through fine calibration and perspective changing
“They are numerate, so they can distinguish between 10% probability and 15% probability, and they can change their predictions by a percentage point or two percentage points, so they're well calibrated in their use of probabilities. But most of all, they seem t…”
Tversky: Generating explanations improves student retention without extra studying
“What's interesting is that everybody does better on the second test. Even though they're not learning new material, the fact that they have to create an explanation helps consolidate and make sense of the information in their own minds so that everybody's doin…”
Tversky: Mental and spatial timelines follow cultural reading direction
“We put time going in reading order, which is left to right in most Western languages, right to left in some other languages, top to bottom in, in more traditional versions of Chinese and Japanese.”
Tversky: Dancers' motor cortices light up when watching styles they can perform
“And you can take experienced dancers, either say ballet or caporea, this very acrobatic South American dance, and have them watch
Videos of ballet or caporea, and in both cases, the motor areas of the brain will be active, but they'll be far more active for t…”
Tversky: Externalizing conflict onto a shared whiteboard helps dissolve organizational disputes
“There's a huge amount of research and practice on, on, on dissolving conflict that way, that if you take conflicting parties in an organization, between organizations, put everything up on a whiteboard with a facilitator, And then you realize the points where …”
Tversky: Visual perception only adapts to distorting lenses through active physical movement
“We don't accommodate lenses that distort unless we're action, doing the actions, and the actions actually mold perception, mold our perception that in, in that sense, they do shift the world if we're acting in a shifted world.”
Tversky: Architecture controls human actions by physically diagramming social rules
“The world is communicating to us not just in categories and hierarchies and themes and orders, cues for getting into the theater, but it's also telling us how to behave. So it's controlling our actions by the way it's diagrammed in the world”
Tversky: Sketching Is a Tool for Sensemaking Before Communication
“It's this way of making sense, and you can certainly see that today, many people making sketches, it's their way of making sense of things, of data, you display it in different ways to make sense of it, yeah, and then eventually, how to show it, how to use it …”
Tversky: Cognitive mapping errors make people think Philadelphia is north of Rome
“People think that Philadelphia is, is north of Rome. When it's actually south of Rome, and it seems to be because people line up Europe and North America, and Europe is actually farther north than North America, and anyone who goes to Europe at this time of ye…”