The Ledger
Every statement that passed quotation and attribution checks. Mix any filter with any other: certainty 1/5, debate potential 5/5, or both at once.
why aren't all 14 resolved? a statement only gets an assessment when the public record can support or contradict it. opinions and what-ifs never can, and 0 checkable ones are still open, waiting for their date. predictions held up or didn't; assertions are supported or contradicted. on every card: ▮▮▮▮▮ certainty · ▮▮▮▮▮ debate potential. speakers are clickable
Humans can learn to control individual cortical neurons within minutes via feedback
“If I put an electrode almost anywhere in your brain and then wake you up in during surgery, And I show you a flashing light that is, that flashes proportionally to how much that neuron is firing, at least almost anywhere in cortex. Within a couple of minutes, …”
Hodak: Prima implant produces normal black-and-white vision in blind patients
“The qualia of Prima is, is normal sight. It's black and white. It's only a, it's a small field of view, but it's vision.”
Hodak: Science retinal implant allowed a blind patient to read eye charts
“And with our retinal prosthesis that we, what we saw in the trial was we can take a patient who's been unable to see faces for a decade and allow them to read every letter on an eye chart.”
Hodak: Science trial achieved the first coherent form vision restoration
“As far as I know, our clinical trial was the first time ever that form vision had been, like, had created, like, a coherent image in the mind's eye of a person.”
Hodak: Directly stimulating retinal bipolar cells produces images in the mind
“It was an empirical discovery of our study that if you excite the bipolar cells with an image, you get an image in the mind's eye, because that is clearly the critical processing step in the retina that you wanted to preserve.”
Hodak: Science found optogenetic proteins sensitive to ambient indoor office lighting
“What we were able to do were find optogenetic proteins that are so sensitive that they're sensitive to like indoor office lighting”
Hodak: Science's neural grafts formed biological brain connections in animal models
“But it comes with the potential of growing throughout the brain, forming biological connections all over the place. And I mean, that's what we've seen in, in the animal models. That's not in humans yet”
Hodak: A major organ perfusion firm makes more from private jet logistics
“Like one of the big companies in the space, it turns out that they're like private jet logistics business is bigger than their medical device business.”
Hodak: Science completed clinical trial published in NEJM in 2025
“We finished a big clinical trial last year, which was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in the fall.”
Hodak: Current cortical motor decoders achieve only around 10 bits per second
“Spoken word is like 40 bits per second. You can, many people can type in the like 20, twenty-ish bits. And so the 10 bit per second cortical motor decode is like not going to make your life better. I wouldn't get serious brain surgery for that.”
Adults cured of congenital cataracts struggle to process visual information
“There actually are some cases of patients that were born blind who but it wasn't it wasn't a loss of the optic nerve, it wasn't something in the brain, but they had congenital cataracts, so their vision was blurry from birth, and they were never able to really…”
Hodak: Science conducted a clinical trial across 17 sites in Europe
“There's a big clinical trial in Europe across 17 sites, and there's a huge effect.”
Early BCIs used fixed weights and let the brain learn cursor control
“In the first experiments for this, they actually didn't fit anything at all. They just took a couple, they took two neurons or a handful of neurons and fixed the weights. So it said, when this neuron fires more, we're going to go up the screen. When this neuro…”