Noam Shazeer

AI Scientist, OpenAI · 2 appearances on the record.

computed by AI from the episodes · how this works → · full disclaimer →

scientistengineerfounderexecutiveauthor@NoamShazeer ↗LinkedIn ↗noamshazeer.com ↗Wikipedia ↗Instagram ↗

He co-authored the seminal 2017 Google paper "Attention Is All You Need," introducing the Transformer architecture powering modern large language models. After early work at Google, he co-founded Character.AI, later returned to Google as Gemini co-tech lead, and subsequently joined OpenAI.

26statements → 11claims → 1claims resolved → 3.81/5average certainty → 2.38/5average debate potential → 4.1/5argument clarity · the sources → 14said about them ↓

1 supported 0 partly supported 0 contradicted 10 not checkable as stated how the 11 claims stand · each chip opens the sources

4 predictions · 7 assertions · 1 opinion · 11 insights · 3 disclosures · every statement was checked. The predictions and assertions are the 11 claims: statements the public record can support or contradict. 1 is resolved, and 10 name no date, number or outcome precise enough to check. Everything else (opinions, insights, what ifs, disclosures) can never be settled by the record, so it carries no assessment.

The record, in short

What the tape says about how Noam argues and how the claims held up. Everything they said, and everything said about them, is in the tabs below.

Their most notable supported claim

Assertion Supported
Shazeer: B2C Products Proved Far Larger Than B2B Enterprise Search at Google
“I remember when I joined Google, there were, like, a lot of people working on this enterprise search appliance, which, you know, it was okay. Like, I think maybe somebody had this conventional wisdom that, like B to B is the only way to make money. But, like, …”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 2:57 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings

Argument clarity: do they answer the question? how? →

4.1 / 5 directness 4.3 · coherence 4.4 · precision 3.8 · compression 3.5

redirected or did not address 3 of 25 assessed questions (12%). Watch them ▸

This is a score against a rubric. It is not a rank. Every host question → answer exchange is scored with names hidden on directness, coherence, precision and compression, 1–5 each, on meaning alone: disfluencies are ignored, and only raw unedited episodes count. This is the score that measures thought. Every scored exchange, scores shown → · The rubric and its checks →

How they sound: speaking style how? →

220 words/min while actually speaking · 31.3 um and uh per 1k words · 21.2 false starts per 1k · 36.9% of pauses land inside a clause

Measured by listening to the audio itself: 4,631 words across 1 episode of raw-level tape, transcribed verbatim with every um and uh kept, each one attributed only where the alignment onto our timed stream is unambiguous. These are measurements of speaking style. We do not rank them: across this corpus, fluency and argument quality are nearly uncorrelated (ρ≈0.2), and smooth talking does not signal clear thinking. How it's measured →

Everything Noam Shazeer said on 20VC that made the record, most notable first. Filter by type, assessment or year in the ledger →

Prediction Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Character.ai Rejects Product Managers Who Push for Vertical Specialization
“And like, you know, we talked to like some you know, potential product managers early on and they all say the same thing. Oh yeah. Pick your verticals, narrow it down to me, to make it usable. And like, no, we're not going to hire these people. That's like the…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 11:00 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Noam Shazeer: Compute and Model Size Constrain AI Progress More Than Data
“Yeah, probably the size of the model is the bigger challenge. We can get a lot of data, but actually the number one thing that's important is how much computation you do to train it.”
Noam Shazeer Sep 15, 2023 ▶ 3:32 20VC: The Biggest AI Leaders on What Matters More; Model Size or Data Size & Where Does The Value in AI Accrue; to Startups or to Incumbents
Assertion Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Users Prefer Video Game Characters Over AI Psychologists for Therapy
“We put up as an example, like a psychologist character, like maybe, maybe you want to, you know, talk to something and feel better, you know, and you know, that gets a little bit of use, but then what we hear a lot more from users is like, I'm talking to a vid…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 7:30 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Total Computation Is the Single Most Critical Factor in AI Training
“We can get a lot of, we can get a lot of data, but like, really, actually the number one thing that's important is how much computation you do to train it.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 17:11 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Prediction Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: AI Hardware Advances Will Enable Garage Developers to Match Big Tech
“The hardware is progressing so fast that what you could do at a big company, you know, one year, a few years later, you're going to be able to do You know, at the university lab or in your garage.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 22:44 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Disclosure
Shazeer: Character.ai Views AI Model Hallucinations as a Feature, Not a Bug
“We consider them a feature or at least, okay, basically, our goal, you know, our strategy is, like, launch something general, let people do what they want with it, and if these models are hallucinating, which we, which they certainly are, and we advertise that…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 25:18 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: AI Research Is Currently Like Alchemy With Unknown Outcomes
“And I think a lot of that has to do with the fact that, you know, this field is kind of alchemy. Right now, like no one knows exactly what is going to work.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 32:36 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Disclosure
Character.ai Spent $2 Million in Compute to Train Its Serving Model
“The model we're serving now, we trained last summer and spent about two million dollars worth of compute cycles doing it.”
Noam Shazeer Sep 15, 2023 ▶ 4:12 20VC: The Biggest AI Leaders on What Matters More; Model Size or Data Size & Where Does The Value in AI Accrue; to Startups or to Incumbents
Opinion
Shazeer: Large Tech Companies Withhold AI Launches Due to Brand Risk
“In the past things seem You know, potentially too much brand risk at larger companies to like actually launch and get it out there.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 8:34 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Assertion Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Users Report Character.ai Helps Them Practice for Social Situations
“We've gotten testimonials of people who said that they were uncomfortable, you know, talking to other people, and, like, this is great practice. This is actually helped them build up practice in either social situations.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 9:55 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Prediction Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Open and Closed AI Ecosystems Will Continue to Coexist
“As there has been, there will be a big ecosystem of open and closed of, you know, People who aren't sharing their secret sauce with, and people who are sharing all of their secret sauce and the ability to mess around with things at a small scale is going to le…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 23:19 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Deep Learning Succeeds Because Hardware Is Optimized for Dense Matrix Multiplication
“The reason this whole field is working so well is because Now we have this magic hardware that's great at these dense matrix multiplications. And so you can do them like orders of magnitude faster than you can do anything that involves poking around in memory.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 34:24 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Launch General-Purpose Technology Directly to Billions of Consumers
“If you have a technology that is, like, really, really general and has billions of use cases and, like, ordinary people can use, like, launch it to billions of people.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 2:44 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Assertion Supported
Shazeer: B2C Products Proved Far Larger Than B2B Enterprise Search at Google
“I remember when I joined Google, there were, like, a lot of people working on this enterprise search appliance, which, you know, it was okay. Like, I think maybe somebody had this conventional wisdom that, like B to B is the only way to make money. But, like, …”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 2:57 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Full-Stack AI Co-Design Across Every Layer Is Hugely Powerful
“And then it also lets you do all this co-design of like, you get to affect every part of the stack, which is, you know, which is hugely powerful and fun.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 4:56 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Developing AI Provides Greater Leverage Than Direct Medical Research
“So rather than directly working on say medical research or something I think I've got a lot more leverage, like let's push AI technology and then, you know, that can help with a lot of the rest of it.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 5:49 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Character.ai's Mission Is a Billion Users Inventing a Billion Use Cases
“I like this, sort of motto of, you know, a billion users inventing a billion use cases, because that, that's sort of the superpower of this technology.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 6:50 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Better Next-Word Prediction Directly Increases AI Model Intelligence
“And then if you can do it well, then This thing can just talk to you. It can be, you know, the better you do it, the smarter it gets. It's hugely, hugely general and useful, super simple to state.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 13:36 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Assertion Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Impressive Language Models Existed Unreleased in Labs by 2020
“I'd say around 2020 was when sort of, like, really impressive stuff was sort of in the lab, but not launched.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 16:25 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Assertion Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Character.ai Spent $2 Million in Compute to Train Its Model
“So you know, the model we're serving now, we train Last summer and spent about two million dollars worth of compute cycles doing it.”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 17:59 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Task-Specific Fine-Tuning Dramatically Improves Generally Pre-Trained AI Models
“The data that you get from users is great because It tells people like what, you know, what users like or like what users like in, in some particular application. It's kind of like a, you know, training a human. Like most of what's important is like you have y…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 19:14 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Insight
Shazeer: Naively Training Models on Raw Chat Logs Risks Leaking User Privacy
“It's very important because, like, you know, if you just were to do the naive thing of take, like, every conversation you had with everyone and just train on it, then You could just be, like, spitting out, like, someone's private, you know, private life to, yo…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 20:36 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Assertion Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: Centralized AI Inference Batching Is Up to 100x More Efficient
“Obviously though, there's also like economics of scale of both training the best models And serving, like if you want to serve a product, you can do it maybe a hundred times more efficiently if you're serving many, many people at once and kind of batching thin…”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 23:46 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings
Prediction Not checkable as stated
Shazeer: The Best AI Applications Have Not Been Invented Yet
“The best applications just haven't even been invented yet that You know, we, you know, we're still at, like invention of electricity kind of moment, or invention of the computer, where we don't really you know, we don't really know what the coolest things are …”
Noam Shazeer Aug 31, 2023 ▶ 24:44 Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Users | E1055 · 20VC with Harry Stebbings

Show 2statements(2 left)

The other half of the tape: Noam Shazeer's own voice is left out of every number here. Other people bring the name up 13 times in 5 episodes on 20VC. 1 statement on the record names them. every mention, with the transcript →

Who brings them up most Harry Stebbings 5Sarah Guo 3David George 3Alex Rampell 2

Statements about Noam Shazeer, by other people (1)

Disclosure
a16z paid growth prices for early-stage Character.AI to back Noam Shazeer
“My partner, Sarah led around a character AI and, you know, it was extremely early stage and, You know, we invested at a, you know, what you would call a gross stage price. But we knew that the likelihood of some degree of success in backing Nome was extremely …”
David George Dec 15, 2025 ▶ 18:24 a16z's David George on the Most Controversial Bet at a16z & Do Margins and Revenue Matter in AI? · 20VC with Harry Stebbings

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Appearances (2)

EpisodeDateSpeaking time
20VC: The Biggest AI Leaders on What Matters More; Model Size or Data Size & Where Does Th Sep 15, 2023 1m
Noam Shazeer: How We Spent $2M to Train a Single AI Model and Grew Character.ai to 20M Use Aug 31, 2023 26m
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